Credibility and Logic in Gregory Curfman’s “Diet Pills Redux”

1. Gregory D. Curfman’s piece â€Å"Diet Pills Redux† is a publication; in this manner, a peruser must remember that the substance will concentrate on the author’s opinion(s) and perspective(s) about a specific circumstance. Having perused Curfman’s piece, it appears to be believable. The creator is a doctor, so his examination of the circumstance can be sensibly accepted inside his field of aptitude, particularly when one considers it is a publication distributed in The New England Journal of Medicine. Dr.Curfman presents proof for and against the utilization of fenfluramine and phentermine and appears to be concerned uniquely with further investigation of a potential association between the utilization of these medications (independently or together) and coronary illness (Curfman, 1997, passim).2. Curfman starts his piece with an outline of an episode of pneumonic hypertension that occurred in Western Europe that was connected to the utilization of a cra ving suppressant sedate. He proceeds to uncover an European episode thirty years after the fact which associated the utilization of an anorectic medication with more instances of pneumonic hypertension.Later, he talks about gauging the dangers of utilizing anorectic medications against the individual’s need, and infers that just those with no other response ought to be permitted to take the risk. Each of these is a case of rationale without false notion (Curfman, 1997, passim). There were paradoxes in Curfman’s piece. In any case, the occasions and studies he refered to were missing benchmark groups and affirmations that urgent factors, for example, understanding history had been considered. In fact, these may be interpreted as misdirecting statistics.Because the quantities of people adversely affected by these medications was so low, the possible that quite a bit of his point is maybe a non sequiturâ€specifically a contention based on a dangerous incline exists. Hi s end comment that â€Å"succumbing to the charm of diet pills as a handy solution for overabundance weight might be pursuing disaster† presents a noteworthy legitimate issue: the suggestion that the individuals who endured a heart emergency regarding the utilization of at least one of the included medications fall into the â€Å"quick fix† categoryâ€this is a hurried speculation (Curfman, 1997, passim).The generally speaking message in the piece was not that accuse must be laid, nor was it a call to end all accessibility of either sedate, so combined with this piece being a publication, even false notion didn't really debilitate the quality of the article as I would see it as the point appeared to be only to be to persuade perusers that there was more to be examined. In light of what I read, I need to concur that further examination is justified and that shoppers must know about the potential risks recorded by Curfman.

Farm Resource Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ranch Resource Appraisal - Essay Example Estimation of advantages and liabilities of the homestead give its unmistakable money related standing which can help distinguish and explain cultivating issues. Information for evaluations can be gathered from ranch records, creation and statistical surveying and from other expert offices. This data can be gathered as reviews and meetings. General physical and specialized data must be gathered on the homestead visit, for example, soil trademark, atmosphere and climate, land attributes, creation limit, creation innovation and work inputs. Soil attributes envelop soil type, surface and soil investigation. Atmosphere considers factors, for example, temperature, precipitation, stickiness, dry seasons and storms. Slant, geography and land rise fall in land qualities while yield per section of land or hectare is shrouded in the creations limit. Creation innovation represents the reap and post-gather tasks, diesel control and manures. At long last subtleties of work, for example, its sourc e, dispersion and sex are shrouded in the work inputs. To set up a homestead asset evaluation, ranch visit is vital and alongside the general physical and specialized data, ranch records and records data is additionally fundamental. It can assist ranchers with dealing with the homestead appropriately since ranch records and records can help with estimating financial execution, meeting legitimate prerequisites and so forth. Additionally, operational records fill in as a key factor in overseeing ordinary exercises of the ranch. Budgetary records then again can be utilized to assess the homestead and for charge purposes. A portion of the operational records are the homestead map, field material information record, work records and domesticated animals records, pay records and ranch cost records. Monetary record, then again is the most generally utilized money related record. It expresses the benefits and their wellsprings of financing. It is principally utilized for tax assessment purp oses. The ranch guide should be comparative with the scale and should feature field and other significant territories of the homestead. Field material info record gives data on material information sources, for example, manures and seeds. Work records measure the laborers days per task data. Domesticated animals records give the data identified with keeping domesticated animals. Ultimately, income and cost are canvassed in pay and ranch consumption record. Test records (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2006) of field material information, work, pay and consumption have been introduced underneath for better understanding. Field Material Input Record (figure 1) Area Planted: Date Input Quantity Price per unit Value  Total  Labor Record (figure 2) Area Planted: Date Task Persons/task Hired Value (work days)  No./day Cost/day Value   Total  Income Record (figure 3) Area Planted: Date Product Sold Stored  Quantity Price/unit Value $   Tot al  Farm Expenditure Record (figure 4) Area Planted: Date Item Quantity Price/Unit Value   Total  Farm Inventory The subsequent stage is the ranch stock tally, recording assets and strategies for valuation. The perfect time for ranch stock is half a month prior

Essay Sample - A Choice Between the Quick Online Essay Format and the Als Essay Sample

Essay Sample - A Choice Between the Quick Online Essay Format and the Als Essay SampleYou have now a choice to use the Als Essay Sample or the Quick Online Essay Format. It is your choice and you need to decide if you want to stick with this or if you want to make a different decision, which is to use the Quick Format instead. If you decide to choose the Quick Essay Format, it is your first decision to make. But if you prefer to use the Als Essay Sample, then you can choose to use it, as you need to do that, after you have already selected the Als Essay Sample.The two Essay Sample types are best, because they are very similar, as well as easy to follow. But they differ in the way that they are presented, and the structure of the essay. In this case, there is only one method that you will need to follow.The Als Essay Sample is the best option if you are very fond of the essay style that you have learned in school. If you are the type of person who does not like the rules and formats t hat exist in all writing, then you can just choose the Quick Online Essay Format. You can also choose the Als Essay Sample if you prefer to be able to use any style of essay writing, as you have learned to write them before. Because the Quick Online Essay Format allows you to choose whatever style you wish, you can always use it if you choose to.Both the Als Essay Sample and the Quick Online Essay Format allow you to start writing your essay from scratch, so you will be able to enjoy having a blank page, or a blank page plus blank page to fill up. This is why both the Essay Types can help you a lot when writing your essay. The only difference is that you will not be able to start from scratch as well as you would with the Als Essay Sample. So the rules are the same for both of the types.The format of the essay samples is just the same as what you learn in school. You do not need to worry about any styles you have learned, because the rules are the same for all. This is why it can be a good choice if you learn how to write an essay before you pick up the Quick Online Essay Format. However, if you are new to the essay format, you can just go ahead and continue to learn the basic rules of the Als Essay Sample.The Quick Online Essay Format is easier to follow, because there are no rules to follow for the essay samples that are provided with the program. It is more of a pre-designed outline that you have already picked out. And the format is good for people who are only familiar with the types of essays they have already learned in school. This is also good for people who are not familiar with the styles.These styles of essay are more suitable for people who are not very fond of writing essays and who are used to doing other things other than writing. But for those who love writing essays, the Als Essay Sample will be more suitable. The Quick Online Essay Format is more suited for people who have already learned how to write an essay.It is better to look into the c hoices made by the Als Essay Sample before deciding on which one to use. The Als Essay Sample has rules and formats to follow, and it will not be easy for someone who is not familiar with the Essay Sample to follow. The Quick Online Essay Format is the one that will be easier for people who know the Essay Sample but are still looking for something a little more in-depth.

The Social Contract Theory Essay - 1249 Words

1a. The Social Contract Theory According to the Social Contract Theory, it suggests that all individuals must depend on an agreement/ or contract among each person to form a society, in which they live in. The concept emphasizes authority over individuals, in other words, the social contract favors authority (e.g. the Sovereign) over the individuals, because men have to forfeit their personal right and freedom to the government, in exchange for protection and security, which I will further elaborate in this paper. In the book Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes was one of the first to discuss the social contract. Hobbes explains that all human beings are born in â€Å"the state of nature†, which means that all men used to live in the primitive†¦show more content†¦However, â€Å"for such is the nature of men, that howsoever may acknowledge many others to be more witty, or more eloquent, or more learned, and they will hardly believe there be many so wise as themselves†. (Hobbes, 1651, p.184). However, individuals would believe that some men would be inferior or superior to them, as a result, each person in the state of nature is in fear of others who may attack for any reasons (e.g. gain, safety, and glory). But, men never wanted to live in fear, in contrary, they wanted peace in their life. In such dilemma, individuals must agree on rule to govern their actions. In other words, men enter the social contract, which requires them to give up their rights and freedom, and act upon the general rules to the sovereign. By agreeing to the mutual consent, individuals also agree to obey the laws, and submit their obedience to the sovereign. However, the sovereign, in exchange, must guaranty the safety and protection of each of its members for their rights and obedience. Nevertheless, the social contract theory make men lose their moral obligations, and forces men to act more civilize to ensure a functioning society for all its members. In conclusion, Hobbes argues that people live in a state of

First Grade Math Telling Time to the Nearest 5 Minutes

How are Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass Alike and Different

Compare Contrast Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass both came from an African American background but the time difference of these two men when they were brought to the world changed. Malcolm X had a rough life. His dad was mysteriously murdered and his mom was mentally ill and with no parent figure he got in to the street life. He got in to selling illegal substances and burglary. He was struggling financially as well. In 1946 Malcolm X age twenty at the time was sentenced to prison for 10 years for burglary. Both Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass had rough lives. Frederick Douglass born in the early 1800’s was born a slave for life. Even though racism was still around in Malcolm’s time it was even worse for Frederick Douglass during his time. Frederick Douglass had no education because salves at the time were not allowed to be taught. The only thing slaves were taught to do from a young age was to obey there master and that’s all they knew how to do. Frederick Do uglass was very restricted on how to get an education but Malcolm was free. Both Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass educated themselves. Malcolm X was educated till the 8th grade. As for Frederick he wasn’t educated at all. Once Malcolm was in prison he came across an inmate called by the name of Bimbi. Bimbi was a great speaker and a well-educated man which made Malcolm motivated to start how to read and get educated. Malcolm read books in prison but did not understand what the book was about. Malcolm got aholdShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Sherman Alexie, Malcolm X And Frederick Douglass1855 Words   |  8 Pagesmost people did. This is shown in the literary works of Frederick Douglass, Malcolm X, and Sherman Alexie. Like these people, literacy isn’t achieved by simply going to school. It’s achieved through great perseverance and through great tenacity. Sherman Alexie, Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass write similar arguments relating to how they learned t o read and write, through their process of learning, the opportunities it has opened to them, and how it has influenced and continues to influence them toRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesphase of the human experience, render it impervious to generalized pronouncements and difficult to conceptualize broadly. As the essays in this collection document in detail, paradox pervades the time span we call the twentieth century, no matter how it is temporally delineated. Never before in history, for example, had so many humans enjoyed such high standards of living, and never had so many been so impoverished or died of malnutrition and disease. If the period from the 1870s is included in

Case Study about Financial Planning Big Red Cycle Company

Question: Discuss about the Financial Planning for Big Red Cycle Company. Answer: Introduction Big Red Cycle Company is currently working with the objective to increase its sales revenue, which in turn necessitates the importance of financial budgeting by a large extent. However, the prepared budget is likely to have certain flaws, with estimated sales of $4,000,000 in addition to a net profit of $1,000,000 in the next quarter. According to the budget produced, the sales team also re-negotiated the commission rate at 2.5% on the sales and 5% on the expenses. Correspondingly, this paper intends to examine the budget from a critical perspective to identify whether the budget gives achievable, accurate, understandable and fair objectives for the future performances of the organization, in order to meet estimated sales and net profit goals. It is therefore divided into three tasks, wherein Task 1 elaborates on the flaws and the rectifications required in making the budget more realistic, Task 2 provides a precise contingency plan based on the scenario and Task 3 denotes the traini ng plan to guide Bill Goodale to take up the responsibilities of keeping a track of the expenses and petty cash transactions of the organization. After the review of the budget, it was clearly observed that the accountant department of the company lacked focus on collecting the previous year data. The accountant department has provided with an unrealistic budget, which lacks accurate estimation of sales and expenses for the company, having no resemblance with its previous five year financial statements. For instance, the budget estimated to have equal sales in the first, third and the fourth quarters, which is unrealistic as the company sales depends on factors such as sales of bicycles according to the seasons. The sales may differ in each quarter. This is because the sales of bicycles may change with the ups and downs in the seasonal demand of customers. The sales of the bicycles may rise during the summer season, as compared to the rainy season, when the company may not be able to sale the estimated amount. Hence, the accountant department also miscalculated the sales. The accountant department of the company also did not consider taking any data from the previous few years financial statement, which made the budget faulty and inappropriate to respond well to the seasonal or quarterly fluctuations of customer demand. However, after reviewing the budget it was observed that the objectives are not adequately achievable, as a result of which, preparation of a new budget will needed. An error could also be located in the budget presented by the accountant department that adds to its lack of reliability (Penner, 2001). Accordingly, necessary steps should be performed in order to provide the correct estimation, so that objectives can be determined in an achievable and realistic manner, which would influence the overall net profit of the company. The new master budget should be prepared by studying the previous years financial statements of the company, which can then be used to review and adjust the funding to process and submit to the work flow. The new budget should be more accurate as compared to the previous budget prepared by the accountant department, wherein the negative variances should also be removed. All financial accounts should be taken into consideration to prepare the new budget, including sales, production, direct labor budget as well as cash budget. AGENDA Meeting Title Review of Financial Budget Date DD.MM.YYYY Attendees Accounting and Sales Department, Chairman, CFO Agenda Items Details of Agenda Items Recommendations on the Course of Action Planning Proper planning is to be done to meet the requirements of the budget including materials needed, labor force requirement and seasonal fluctuations. All managers from the finance, sales, and production departments should communicate clearly regarding concerns and goals to be aligned with the budget to avoid any future miscommunication. Training Training of accountants will be important to discuss in the agenda, so that any misstatement of the figures can be prevented in future budgeting practices. Proper training should be given to the accountants on-the-job. The company, in this regard, can employ individuals who have past experiences in accounting to train the present team for better efficiency. Use of historical information It was identified that the budget prepared by the accountant department was faulty, which can hamper the synchronization between the strategic intents and practices of the company. To avoid such mistakes in future, the company should use the historical data of at least 2 to 5 years old, which would give the accountant department a more accurate presentation of its future growth prospects and budgets. Identification of risks It is expected that the company will be facing sales decrease by 20% below the targeted sales in the next fiscal year due to present economic climate of the country (Cambridge University Press, 2016). The risk of having low sales will have a negative effect on the companys sales and profitability. The company can use risk minimizing strategies to avoid sales reduction and achieve the target. In this regard, the use of the historical data can help the managers to identify the current trends and changes occurring in the consumer market and take decisions accordingly. Use of active sales forecasting will help the company to estimate its sales, as it is highly measurable. Furthermore, managing risks on the basis of historical insights will help the company to be more flexible and accurate in its strategic measures. The active sales forecast will make the company able to keep a track and analyze changes that are taking place within the company. This will result in providing the managers w ith more accurate and dependable estimations regarding the company performances in the long run (Kuo, Wu Wang, 2002). Contingency planning will also help the company to act quickly and respond to the changing economic climates, which will reduce the risk of losses (Little, 2009). Contingency Plan Company Name: Big Red Bicycle Pty Ltd Person developing the plan: Name: Position: Risk identified: 20% possible decrease in the estimated sales and 10% possible decrease in the estimated profits for the year 2015-16 Details of strategies/activities to minimize risk of falling sales revenue By when By whom Intelligent Sales forecasting will help the company to forecast the sales on the basis of information generated by using historical data This strategy is used when the companys sales is estimated to decrease by the end of a financial year The intelligent sales forecast will be performed by the managers to reduce the risk of falling sales Understanding competitive advantage The company should focus on the competitive advantages that it has against the competitors, which will maximize its sales by attracting greater revenues from the customers The departments related to the budget needs to have a complete list about the competitors pricing strategies that will influence the sales in the company Implementation of plan The company should implement the plan from the very beginning of the sales process The sales department will be responsible for managing the sales revenue of the company Bill Goodale can be appointed as the personnel responsible for tracking all the expenses and petty cash throughout the next financial year. A good financial management team would support him and the company in tracking the resources utilized, for the accountant department to make the best use of the funding. Bill and his team will look after all the finance related expense in the budget of the company. Bills role will be to prepare the budget, with due significance to the flaws identified within, as it will support the company to evaluate the overall plan regarding the costs to be incurred in a given financial year. The information provided by him will further draw implications for future planning, for more lucrative operations leading to high profits by reducing the risks of incurring losses (National Treasury Republic of South Africa, 2000). Training Sheet Concepts Relevant Information Record keeping requirements for ATO While keeping the records, Bill should note the information disclosed in the bills of transactions, including the name of the payer, supplier or the receiver of the payment, the licensed business number held by the other entity receiving or paying the bill, the cost of expense of purchase incurred, the classification of goods purchased and expenses incurred along with the date of transaction and its documentation. It will also be mandatory to ensure that the records are true and original in order to ensure adequate accuracy and legitimacy of the process (ATO, 2016). GST In the company, GST is charged along with the cost of the goods and therefore, Bill will need to segregate between the actual costs of the product from the GST charged. This estimation can help the company forecast if a return can be filed for GST, if the GST turnover is above or equal to $75,000. In such case, the company will need to register for the exemption, along with the details of taxable sales, tax invoices, make claims for GST credits, prepare a different accounting record for GST transactions and lodge for annual refunds based on the expenditure (ATO, 2015). Cash flow Cash flow includes inflow and the outflow of the cash in the company. Income includes revenue, GST collected, general inflow of cash from rebates, miscellaneous, income from previous year. The cash inflow also includes interest, loan repayments. Capital income includes assets disposal such as land, plant machinery, transfers from other accounts and capital inflow. Personal income, such as tax deductible and non-tax deductible are included. Expenses includes general administration expenses, accounting fees, legal fees, bank charges, office supplies, dues subscription, telephone bills, postage printing, repairs maintenance, payroll tax, advertising, employment expenses, superannuation, self amenities, wages salaries, occupancy costs, electricity bill, insurance, rates, rent, water bills, waste removal, input tax credits, unallocated casual labor, unallocated freight, fuel lubricants, sundry, plant vehicles, structures and overheads. Financial expenditure includes tax-deductible fees, non-taxable deductible fees and principal. Capital expenditure s includes land, plant equipments, transfer capital outflow and personal expenditure. Profit and loss statement The profit and loss statement of the company can prove highly beneficial to gain an insight of the current financial transactions and plan the budget accordingly. Divided into separate heads to maintain transparency and adequacy, the Sales Marketing dimension of accounts include advertising, direct expenses and other expenses which gives the total sales and marketing expenses. The research and development head includes technology licenses, patents and other specified expenses. General and administrative expenses includes wages salaries, outside services, meals entertainment, rent, telephone, utilities, depreciation, insurance and other specified expenses, which gives the company a total general and administrative expenses. By calculating sales marketing and general administrative expenses total operating cost of the company can be calculated. It also includes income tax, payroll tax, real estate taxes and other taxes, which can be used to calculate the net profit of the company at the end of the financial year. Balance sheet The balance sheet of the company includes assets, liabilities and capital. The current assets include cash, accounts receivable, reserve for bad debt merchandise expenses and notes receivable. Fixed assets, similarly, include vehicles and equipments and other assets include goodwill. These three types of assets make the total assets that the company owns. Subsequently, its current liabilities include accounts payable, sales taxes payable, income tax payable, payroll taxes payable, accrued wages payable and unearned revenues. Long-term liabilities thus include long-term notes payable and mortgage payable. These current and long-term liabilities make the total liability the company owes to its stakeholders. In the balance sheet, capital of the company includes owners equity, investment. By calculating the total assets, liabilities and capital Bill would obtain its net worth. Budgeting process According to the policies implemented by ATO, Bill should also note the information disclosed in the bills of transactions, which should include the name of the payer, supplier or the receiver of the payment, the licensed business number held by the other entity receiving or paying the bill, the cost of expense of purchase incurred, the classification of goods purchased and expenses incurred along with the date of transaction and its documentation. It will also be mandatory to ensure that the records are true and original in order to ensure adequate accuracy and legitimacy of the process (ATO, 2016). Using spread sheet for accounting Bill Goodale can use excel sheet to record company transactions, offering an updated and accurate view of its financial positioning based on which, future budgetary planning can be performed. Using of excel will also help Bill Goodale to work simultaneously with the other users, allowing him to make proper utilization of time and information. This will allow Bill and other members of the accountant department to brainstorm with sufficient data to produce a realistic budget. Conclusion It has been observed that the misstatement of the data in the budget was a result inaccuracy of the records maintained by the accountant department in Big Red Bicycle Company. It is therefore essential to develop and follow a more accurate and precise format of record keeping that would allow more accurate budget forecasts and projections for the future years. In doing so, it is also important to maintain alignment with the ATO regulations of record keeping so that the company can attain advantages from taxation policies and frameworks. It is thus that Bill Goodale is suggested as the most appropriate personnel to be bestowed with the job roles of record keeping for the company, at least for the next fiscal year. However, as he is a relatively less experienced professional in the field, he might require training assistance, which has been delivered through the cheat sheet produced in the paper. References ATO, 2015, How GST works, Australian Government, viewed 12 July 2016, https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/GST/How-GST-works/ ATO, 2015, Types of records you should keep, Australian Government, viewed 12 July 2016, https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/GST/How-GST-works/ Cambridge University Press, 2016, Economic climate, Business English Dictionary, viewed 12 July 2016, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/economic-climate Kuo, R J, Wu, P Wang, C P, 2002, Intelligent sales forecasting system through integration of artificial neural networks and fuzzy neural networks with fuzzy weight elimination, Neural Networks, viewed 12 July 2016, https://wwwmath.uni-muenster.de:16030/Professoren/Lippe/diplomarbeiten/html/eisenbach/Untersuchte%20Artikel/KuWW02.pdf Little, A D, 2009, Dealer risk assessment and contingency plan development, Contents, viewed 12 July 2016, https://www.adlittle.com/downloads/tx_adlreports/ADL_Dealer_Risk_Assessment.pdf National Treasury Republic of South Africa, 2000, Public Finance Management Act, Guiding for Accounting Officers, viewed 11 July 2016, https://www.treasury.gov.za/legislation/pfma/guidelines/Accounting%20Officers%20Guide%20to%20the%20PFMA.pdf Penner, R G, 2001, Error in budget forecasting, The Urban Institute, viewed 11 July 2016, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/310086-Errors-in-Budget-Forecasting.PDF

Adult Aging Psychology essays

Adult Aging Psychology essays Topic A Remaining Healthy as an Older Adult To remain healthy as a older adult several factors come into play. All elements of the individuals life have to be looked at and studied. Do they eat right? Do they exercise enough? What is their social situation? By providing for these elements correctly a well-managed health and wellness program will benefit the Senior. Poor nutrition in older adults happens because of a variety of conditions. Many Seniors live alone and are unable to get around as easily as before. This may restrict grocery shopping and food preparation. Also, depression may affect the older adult. Depressed Seniors may suffer from a lack of desire to eat or prepare food. Declining oral health may contribute to the level of food intake. Some medications, medical processes and treatments may cause loss of desire to eat. Finally economic status plays an important role in nutrition as the lower the status the less capable the Senior is at obtaining the level of proper nutrition. Some of the health risks to poor nutrition are: Hypertension (high blood pressure) Vision loss (glaucoma, cataracts and macular degeneration) Proper diet contributes favorably to the Seniors life expectancy, emotional welfare and physical abilities. The definition of a proper diet ... encourages eating a low-fat, high-fiber, low-salt, low-sugar, and moderate-calorie regimen. This diet may be achieved with the aid of the Food Guide Pyramid. The aging adult should have: 6-11 daily servings of breads, cereals, rice and pasta 3-5 daily servings of vegetables 2-4 daily servings of fruits 2-3 daily servings of milk, yogurt and cheese 2-3 daily servings of meat, poultry, fish, dried beans, eggs and nuts minimal amount of fats, oils and sweets In addition to a proper diet nutritional supplementation is important. S...

The Prohibition Movement essays

The Prohibition Movement essays The article that I have chosen to review discusses and explains the entire prohibition movement of the 1920s. It explains that the temperance movements were began when there was an idea that the consumption of alcohol was hazardous to peoples virtue. The early efforts of people to ban alcohol were only partially effective. They were able to help 23 of the 48 states at the time to adopt antisaloon laws, which closed saloons and prohibited the manufacture of any alcoholic beverage in the state. These events all led up to the growth of the idea of a national prohibition law. By 1919, the dry members (prohibition supporters) outnumbered the wet members (against prohibition) by more than two to one. Due to this, on Dec. 22, 1917, Congress submitted the 18th Amendment to the Constitution. By January 1919 ratification was complete, and the 18th Amendment was in place. It officially banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors. By the time the law was in place it had a large following of support both popularly and in Congress. Congress passed the National Prohibition Act in order to enforce the 18th Amendment. It defined what an intoxicating liquor was, and also made concessions for certain personal uses of lighter liquors. However, Congress was never really willing to give much money towards enforcing the movement, and people blatantly disregarded the unstable law. Because of the inability for the law to uphold itself it remained more of an ideal than an actuality. Almost as soon as prohibition had set in, it was challenged by many groups of people. Some claimed that it led to a social disorder and decay which was exemplified by the raids, seizures, and searchings of the police. People claimed that this style of law enforcement was an encroachment upon the private lives of civilians. Some of the public also claimed that the law actually create ...

Islamophobia. How is it an issue in the workplace What are the Research Paper

Islamophobia. How is it an issue in the workplace What are the implications for HR - Research Paper Example Hence Islamophobia creates polarisation in the wide society and provokes discrimination and injustice toward Muslims in all walks of life including the workplace. According to Ramberg (6), Islamophobia is the apprehension of or prejudice view of Islam, Muslims and affairs concerning them. Islamophobia is not a fresh trend; however, many Muslim communities experience increased hostility characterized by mistrust, deep-rooted intolerance and ignorance. Regardless of whether Islamophobia takes the form of discrimination and intolerance, this phenomenon remains an infringement of human rights and threatens social cohesion (Semati 262). There is real discrimination against Muslim women in America within the workplace accompanied by different public treatment and mistreatment of veiled women. Many Muslim women suffer real and tragic oppression like gender oppression that manifests in persistently low pay and promotion rates within the workplace (Gottschalk and Gabriel 106; Ernst 107). ... The expansion of news networks and the internet offer channels of representing Islam as hostile to Americans and constantly increased and later on compounded by the events of 9/11 (Ali 1032). The problem with Islamophobia is that it considers Islam to be unacceptable in the modern circumstances and Muslims as unable of being proper citizens. Hence, in this murky situation, the national identity ends up being a negotiation between the law and the custom, which influences HR. One main problem to Muslims is that they do not benefit from unity building exercises because existing stereotypes condemn Muslims to retrograde positions in politics, religion and gender. Though Islamophobia is relatively new in North America where the numbers of Muslims are increasing steadily, Muslims suffer open discrimination and prejudice in public domains (Lalami 20-21). In case the US society was serious in combating Islamophobia, US Muslims, government and U.S. intelligent agencies would take immediate pr oactive steps in promoting balanced and accurate view of Islam. Moreover, Muslims would have to learn to work with the system for them to survive in the West while at the same time non-Muslims have to show great respect for the religion; however, this remains a huge challenge to HR. Through such cooperation, it is possible to envision a thriving multicultural US community in the future within the country. Moreover, the notion of good Muslim citizen suggests that Islamophobia can be dealt with through religious Multiculturalism and tolerance; however, it is hard to eradicate it by simple religious tolerance because Islamophobia is linked to US foreign policy (Jung 122). There are various recommendations for combating Islamophobia like education

Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Business Law - Assignment Example attentiveness, shunning conflict amidst their individual interest and those of the prevailing principal and submitting revenue collected on behalf of principal (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Conversely, principal’ s duties entail compensation of the agent as agreed, indemnification of against claims, liabilities and corresponding expenses incurred in regard to discharging duties assigned by the principal (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Due to the fiduciary relationship, a principal ought to contract with agent faithfully and impartially. The principal is liable to indemnify the agent for payments undertaken during the course of the association regardless of the expenditure authorized and promoting the principal’s business enterprise. Conversely, an agent is normally liable to the principal when they act devoid of real authority (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Moreover, an agent is accountable to indemnification of the principal for the forfeit and devastation originating from their actions. Employment at- will stipulates that when a worker lacks a written employment contract and the corresponding term of employment that possess indefinite period, then the employer can terminate the worker for good cause or no cause at all. The exemptions to the underlying employment- at- will entail public-policy exemption, implied-contract exemption and Covenant-of-good-faith exemption. Public policy exemption where a worker is applied wrongly, when the cessation is in contradiction of the obvious, well-established public policy (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Implied-contract exemption applicable instances where there is development of contract amidst a manager and worker without expression and written instrument of employment association. Covenant-of-good-faith exemption applies to the manager workers resolutions that are subject mainly to the ordinary reason or termination purely reached in bad motive. Anti-discrimination laws prohibit workplace discernment on the foundation of race,

Literature Review on Marketing Essay Example for Free

Literature Review on Marketing Essay This part of the thesis deals with the research and critical comments on various literatures related with the marketing activities that can be implemented by a firm to improve their business performance. Marketing Strategy: According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010) Marketing Strategy is both art and science where the firm finds or plans ways to deliver their value by fulfilling the needs wants of their potential customers. This helps in determining the marketing mix and analyzing the competitive advantage of the firm by implementing and presenting new ideas so as to satisfy their customers. Employing strategies helps in increasing the level of sales by branding, advertising promotion. So as per the authors (Ferrell Hartline, 2010) the points that are to be taken under consideration by a firm to properly establish a marketing strategy are discussed below: Firstly, a proper marketing plan is to be established as it helps in providing the necessary detailed outline to carry out the marketing program for a firm. As per the authors ,the marketing plan is not at all similar to a business plan; but a business plan contains a marketing plan along with financial, capital and human resource. Therefore, the core means to accomplish the desired goals objectives of an organisations marketing strategy is through its well defined marketing plan. Secondly, a firm must aim in seeking marketing opportunities available by collecting and analyzing the information. The technique used for data collection analysis is through situation analysis; which is a process of data collection that describes the current future issues trends that can have an effect on the internal, customer, external environments respectively (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). This helps in making the strategy by identifying the environment of the business is dealing in and analyze whether the plan will be beneficiary or not before implementation. Then, a Marketing expansion is to be made by identifying in the best interest of the their customers using marketing tools like segmentation targeting and this can be calculated by identifying the customers buying process because it will help the managers in realizing who are their customers what exactly do the customers want (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). Finally, the firm has to implement the plan but must execute certain  activities to increase employee motivation and commitment in achieving the desired goals and objectives effectively by controlling evaluating the marketing strategy as per the plan proposed. Therefore, implementation of marketing strategy is incomplete without a control mechanism (Ferrell Hartline, 2010). The key in effective strategic controlling is by maintain an appropriate communication system and the managers must make business decisions as per the interest of the organisation and its customers. Thus, marketing strategy is a never ending process making it important for the managers to monitor and evaluate the outcomes of the plan that has being implemented for future benefits as it can allow the firm to concentrate on its limited available resources seek their opportunities to increase sales and achieve a competitive edge. By this we can say that strategy plays a key role for a company to be successful in a way that can obtain benefit against its competitors. Analysis of the environment: According to Richard Lynch (2006), analysis of the business environment for an organisation is certainly an important part for this report, as in a much broader sense it helps to describe everything and everyone outside the firm. This includes customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, government and social Institutions. The following will briefly explain about few marketing analysis that are to be considered for gaining a competitive advantage. The Strategic Analysis is a part of the environmental analysis that contributes in strategically analyzing of the environment by firstly, measuring the Market Size which will enable a firm in assisting and developing a strategy task, then the Market Growth for comprehending how much the market has grown over the years as the growth mainly relates to the organisation’s objectives lastly, the Market Share to realize how much portion does the firm consume take benefit within the market in comparison with its major competitors (Lyn ch, 2006). But for this to be applied the market must first be defined properly meaning the company must realise exactly in which particular market or markets it is entering. The PESTEL Analysis basically defines the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental Legal factors that can affect the firm as it offers a  valuable starting point of the overall environment surrounding an organisation (Lynch, 2006). Though the PESTEL analysis is depend on past events and experience, but the analysis can be used as a forecast of the future by the managers. Although, this analysis is effective but must be updated on a regular basis as over time the lifestyles, regulations, culture and technology keeps on changing. The Degree of turbulence at the general level of environmental analysis considers the basic conditions surrounding the organisation (Lynch, 2006). Special attention needs to be directed to the nature and strength of the forces driving the change in the dynamics of the environment and the environmental forces that immediate the organisation can be measured according to firstly the Changeability which is the degree of the environment that is likely to change the Predictability which is the degree of those changes that can be predicted. Lastly, the managers of an organisation must determine the Key Factors of success that helps the organisation in achieving their main goals objectives as the resources, skills and attributes of an organisation that are vital to bring success in the market place (Lynch, 2006). Usually calculating measuring the environmental analysis mentioned by the author Lynch; takes a lot of time money of the company in determining the industry market by statistical tools which is not accurate making it risky also based on the external factors that keeps on changing making it difficult for every firm to apply the analysis up to its full potential. But, still using Environmental Analysis helps the managers in making effective business marketing decisions by determining the market industry in which the organisation deals in identifying the essentials parts that are worth exploring to recognize the success that the firm has by gaining potential for customer satisfaction differentiating itself from its competitors. The Analysis of the Industry’s Competitive Strategy: Competitiveness of a firm is its capability to achieve its targets. These targets are likely to be conveyed in a range of position depending on the context (Barney 2002). From abusiness perspective, a competitive firm requires to survive in the market and achieve the desired market share and  profitability. The success of a competitive firm can be calculated by obtaining their current position in the defined market. According to Michael E. Porter’s (1985), the best model in realizing a firm’s current situation is by Porter’s five forces model. This identifies the competitive strategy that an operating business has aims at defeating its rival companies. According to Porter (1985), the guidelines of rivalry are characterized into â€Å"five competitive forces†. These competitive forces are entry to the new competitors, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry among the existing competitors. Porter (1985 ) further explains that the industry arrangement is reasonably stable, but can altered over time as the industry progresses, and the strong points of these competitive forces varies from one industry to another. Based on this model there’s ahelp in analyzing the bargaining power of buyer’s which willeffect the price that a firm can charge.The power of suppliers defines the costs of raw materials; the intensity of rivalry influences prices of competing. The threat of entry places a boundary on prices, and outlines the investment vital to put offnew competitors; Threats from substitutes usually pose a threat whenever there is a technological or low-cost breakthrough. Chaffey (2002) supports Porter’s model forces as it still provides a useable framework for studyingthe threats arising. The value of Porters model enables managers to think about the current industry that is in a structured and easy-to-understand system for further analysis. But, the above model’s framework is fundamentally fixed, while the competitive environment in general is constantly changing and it does not apply to a nonprofit type of organisation (Lynch, 2006). It also assumes that the buyers have no major significance than the aspect of the micro-environment; But the customer are always considered to be more important than other aspects of competitive strategy development process. Thus in order to solve these issues the SWOT analysis can be implemented (Lynch, 2006). As the SWOT analysis determines the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for a firm with in the environment it operates. Even though the model has been questioned with few critical remarks but for the managers of any major firm this model still demonstrates to be a useful for a competitive strategic analysis within the industry. So, there is no doubt that this is the best model that aims at defeating the major competitors in the market. Customer Relationship Analysis: According to Nigel Hill, Greg Roche Rachel Allen (2007), Customer Satisfaction is all about how a firm succeeds in maintaining their customers as top of their agenda. This further identifies the 3r’s of customer loyalty which are Retention, Related Sales Referrals. The 3r’s are basically the customer’s behavior that must staying longer, chose to use more of the services/products by a firm. This can be further useful by helping in noticing the customers Attitudes Behavior towards the firm and prove to be effective for the firm’s achievement of their goals in satisfying their customers. Thus, to improve customer satisfaction organisation’s should focus on its resources on areas where they are least meeting the essential of their customer requirements. But as per the authors (Hill, Roche Allen, 2007) ‘The profitability of customers increases the longer you keep them’ meaning is that the value of a customer typically increases over time by identifying a customer lifetime value by the following points. An Acquisition is a process of acquiring customers occurs wholly in the first year with a functioning business organisation i.e. before just after becoming a customer. The Base Profit is the difference between sales revenue earned by a particular good or service and the cost to produce or provide that good or service. The Revenue growth will increase when the customers are satisfied as a satisfied customer have a tendency to buy or use more of the firm’s products or services. Customer satisfaction also leads to Cost Savings as long term customers will cost lesser in providing services as they became familiar with the organisation’s techniques are more likely to get what they expect. In Referrals a highly satisfied customers will recommend and even applaud the product or service to their family friends which thus brings more customer by eliminating the cost of acquisition of a customer. The long term customers who are satisfied with what the organisation has to offer will be also ready to pay a Price Premium meaning a higher price since they trust the product or service which results in adding value of the firm. According to Lynch (2006) The Internal Analysis is very crucial as it adds further value for an organisation which in turn is beneficiary for them if they take time in analyzing their business performance through which they can improve the overall customer satisfactory level. Hencethe firm must make in-depth analysis of their departments to determine which areas are to be immediately improved. Overall, it is very important a responsibility of an organisation to establish a well refined relationship with their customer in such a way that satisfies them and results in earning more profits establishing a competitive edge on a long term basis. The Market Segmentation: According to Sally Dibb Lyndon Simki (1996), the market segmentation aims to identify groups of customers with similar needs and then the firm tries to select their segments by targeting thus determining how to position their products/services that helps to appeal in the targeted market of a region. This over all helps the firm in realizing which type of consumers are there and whether they prefer or like the services/products that the firm has to offer and this can be measured by making a research and getting at most possible feedback from the existing customers. The Segmentation process of a market segmentation comprises of three diverse portions namely Segmentation, Targeting Positioning. It is very important to fully understand how different can the markets be segmented before making a final decision. It is clear that there are three points in the process at which assistance is defiantly necessary. As there is a need to recognize the categories of factors that will contribute t o a positive result. During the analysis, it is important to create the qualities that emerging segments display. After the segmentation output has been confirmed, direction is needed for the criteria to review the desirability of the different segments. (Dibb Simki, 1996) The most commonly used way is arranged in few steps, that tells that segments should exhibit measurability, so that segment size and  prospective can be measured; substantiality, so that the segments are sizeable to be profitable; accessibility, to reach the customers in the segments; actionability, letting segments to assist successfully with marketing programmes and lastly; stability, so that resources can be safely financed (Kotler, 1994). This is clearly aimed at managers during the segmentation process, as it shows features that are in contradiction to emerging segments that can be matched. The problem concerning with market segmentation compared to the authors comments (Dibb Simki, 1996) is the fact that marketers sometimes fail to produce a usable segmentation answer as it is very difficult for them to analysis information that is constantly changing making the data material collected not precise. On top of that, this analysis is mainly based on statistical information which is at certain point difficult to calculate accurate information as statistical data are also based on the closest assumption value. The Marketing Mix also plays an important role as it identifies the product/service of an organisation, then determine at what price to sell the goods and services, later defines the place which is suitable for production and announce effective promotion methods to bring more customers (Hill, Roche Allen, 2007). In order to obtain market segmentation success the managers should become critical about the quality of information they are receiving as it plays a vital role for implementing a marketing strategy by questioning the source of data and considering when it was collected. The method of data collection should be correct, durable and must be up-to-date as soon as possible. Marketing ethics: As per Bodo B. Schlegelmilch (1998), marketing ethics is an ethical dilemma that deals with relating the marketing function. The ethical issues usually arise in marketing situations for a firm. This part thus relates to how a firm should make ethical marketing decisions to obtain the satisfaction of the society must focus on the ethical issues that connect with analyzing the market opportunities that are available. Marketing has been criticized for hurting the interest of customers, society and the environment in the presentation of the marketing mix by stimulating societal moral decay, endorsing materialism and affecting the environment. â€Å"Marketing ethics is thus alarmed with the moral principles and values which guide the marketing  decisions and activities in an ethical manner† (Jobber, 2010). The assistance of both the primary stakeholders (Customers, Employees, Suppliers, Shareholder other investors) secondary stakeholders (Media, Special-Interest Groups Govern ment Institutions) is important to support the ethical activities of marketing practices (Schlegelmilch, 1998). But the most important factor for the reason that ethics are to be considered by the marketing managers are so to satisfy their organisation customers and employees (Schlegelmilch, 1998) as the customers are the people who buys the goods service which runs the business employees are those people that works for the company and are determined by their attitudes towards the jobs to keep the business running as well. While all other factors are directly or indirectly related with these two factors making it utmost important to satisfy them so as to achieve the desired goals objectives. The Marketing activities has an impact on the society and the environment as a whole. Therefore the managers of the organisation should behave responsibly within the best interest of those who will be affected. In conclusion, marketing ethics is an important factor to be considered, despite the challenges and uncertainty a company faces with its applications. Conclusion This chapter presents the theoretical background of the major areas for marketing techniques of the research. The aimis to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings on marketing techniques for theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topicas the reviews are secondary sources and do not require any new or original experimental work.

heart of darkness :: essays research papers

Heart of Darkness For most of his young life, Joseph Conrad has had a burning desire to be a seaman; and in 1874, when he is just sixteen years of age, his dream becomes a reality. In addition, he worked his way up through the ranks and piloted a merchant ship up the mighty Congo River in central Africa. Later, it is the memory of this voyage that provides him with the first hand details for writing his most famous novel HEART OF DARKNESS, and these memories spring to life as Marlow , the main character, replaces Conrad in the story. A feeling of darkness is everywhere and it causes the reader to feel surrounded by it. This motif causes the reader to see the darkness in his surroundings, to experience the dark deeds of man, and to recognize the darkness of man's mind. HEART OF DARKNESS presents a story within a story, and at the beginning , we find Marlow, along with three friends, on board a small ship which is anchored near the mouth of the Thames River in London. When the unnamed narrator, uses words like gloom, black, and brooding repeatedly, it becomes evident that darkness is unfolding as a motif. The following example first gets the reader's attention: "The air was dark above Gravesend, and farther back seemed condensed into a mournful gloom, brooding motionless over the biggest, and the greatest , town on earth." While they wait for the tide to turn, the men become lost in their own thoughts until Marlow seizes the opportunity to tell his friends about his life as a seaman. He tells them of his fascination with Africa and how he longs to explore it. When he describes the Congo as " an immense snake uncoiled with its head in the sea, its body at rest curving afar over a vast country, and its tail lost in the depths of the land" a sense of dark mystery is felt by the reader, and as he continues , all kinds of negative information await him. He is next met with a tale of a man hanging himself because of the terrible heat. Then he experiences the painful stabbing of flies and the groans and misery of the sick and dying. Fifteen days later , he describes his arrival at Central Station as hobbling in to an area of back water bordered by smelly mud.

Benchmarking conflict management

Benchmarking is a process of determining what is best, may it be a company, organization, business or individual. This is done by setting standards and who attains the set standards. Benchmarking is done by comparing two or more companies in order to get which emerges the best among them. The companies or individuals that do the same kind of work or business are best benchmarked. In benchmarking, also known as geodetic control points there need to be a process to follow in order to get the winner, what process the winner followed to get there.Benchmarking is a quality improvement initiative this encourages companies and organizations to improve their quality to avoid being the last. (Galdin, 2005) Conflict is the struggle between the incompatible or opposing needs, wishes or individuals. Benchmarking conflict management is trying to come up with the best method to solve the conflicts between the companies or individuals with the same goal or wish e. g. two companies wishing to buy th e same piece of land for expansion. Benchmarking Conflict approach Gadency bus services are a company operating from Manchester city to London city.It is a public transport company having a fleet of more than a hundred buses. It wanted top buy a piece of land to build a garage, it targeted a piece of land owned by Manchester city council. The conflict arises when the city council refuses to sell the land to the company. Conflict rose when the city authority declined to sell the piece of land to them. The company had to look for means to solve the conflict. In this situation the bus company is responsible for the city council actions. Conflict situations offered the company an opportunity to choose a style for responding to the conflict.The most effective conflict prevention and management is to choose the conflict management style appropriate for the conflict. The company chooses a compromising style to solve the conflict which was very important to them to satisfy their interests, the company compromised to split the difference between them and the city council. The company chooses to ask for lease which was granted for the council was not ready to sell the land. Gadency bus acquired the land for choosing the best method to solve the conflict. (Cavenagh, 1999)London breweries are a brewing company situated is western suburb of London city. It wanted top buy a piece of land to build a warehouse, it targeted a piece of land owned by London city authority. The conflict arises when the city authority refuses to sell the land to the company. Conflict rose when the city authority declined to sell the piece of land to them. The company had to look for means to solve the conflict. In this situation the bus company is responsible for the city authority actions. Conflict situations offered the company an opportunity to choose a style for responding to the conflict.The most effective conflict prevention and management is to choose the conflict management style appropria te for the conflict. The company chooses an accommodating style put their interests last and let the city authority have what they want. The brewing company believes that keeping a good friendship is more important than anything else. The city authority declined completely to sell the land to the company and the company moved on by the decision of the city authority’s decision and did not acquire the land. This was as a result of the conflict solving style used by the company. (Simons, 2002) ConclusionBenchmarking conflict management between the two companies would solve the conflict between them and also improve the quality of their services. By the setting of some standards by the city council has also encouraged the companies to choose appropriate style that is preferred in solving the dispute. Interaction of the Manchester city council and London city authority helped in improving the group behavior and avoiding completely spoiling of the inter-group relation and also hel ped in solidifying the groups. By each company applying different conflict solving style, this determines the result each company gets.

Analysis Of Schleiermacher s On Religion - 1499 Words

The following essay shall consider the given extract from Schleiermacher’s â€Å"On Religion; Speeches to its Cultured Despisers†. Schleiermacher’s fifth and final speech explores the range of religions presentations viewed across the world and how this impacts the idea of the plurality of God. Not only this but in his conclusion, Schleiermacher puts forward the idea that Christianity can be viewed as separate from all other religions as the most accurate form of religion, and his reasons for this will take up the majority of this essay s discussion. While the following essay will focus on this discussion of the essence of Christianity, it is important to note that Schleiermacher recognises that there is the possibility, and reality, of†¦show more content†¦This understanding of Schleiermacher’s religion will become important in our later discussion of the value of Christianity. Furthermore, it is important to note that Christianity is not a religion, it is a form of religion. Schleiermacher understands all religions as pointing towards the same deity and essence, and so only values Christianity for its ability to more accurately portray the feeling of religion. Schleiermacher explains religion as an intuition towards the infinite, which has a strong connection to feeling, religion’s essence is neither thinking nor acting but â€Å"intuition and feeling† (Schleiermacher, 1799). Meaning that religion is â€Å"feeling which gives reality to knowledge and substance to morals† (Schleiermacher, 1799), this is important as it shows that what Schleiermacher values in a religion is that it adequately acts as intuition towards the infinite. Now that one has discussed what it is Schleiermacher understands religion is and why he values it as a whole, one can consider why he values Christianity specifically. Schleiermacher values Christianity as a form of religion because the heart of Christianity is transcendence, wanting us all to be individual from the world. â€Å"The original intuition of Christianity is more glorious, more sublime, more worthy of adult humanity, more deeply penetrating into the spirit of systematic religion, and extending farther over the whole universe† (Schleiermacher, 1799, p115) meaning thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Schleiermacher s On Religion1495 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven extract from Schleiermacher s ‘On Religion; speeches to its cultured despisers’’, which comes from the fifth speech within the text. Schleiermacher’s fifth and final speech explores the range of religions presentations viewed across the world and how this impacts the idea of the plurality of God. not only this by in his conclusion Schleiermacher puts forward the idea that Christianity can be viewed as separate from all other religions as the most accurate form of religion. 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The intention of this research is to contribute to the understanding of how Black administrators in postsecondary education experience microaggressions and the tools these administratorsRead MoreQuestions On Academic Integrity Policy2400 Words   |  10 Pagesassessment in any other unit or to any other institution. I have read and understood Avondale s Academic Integrity Policy. ☠Agree Date: AVONDALE COLLEGE School of Ministry and Theology Assessment Evaluation Form Unit Total Percentage Student Outcomes Unsatisfactory Partially Satisfactory Satisfactory High Very High Comments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Sequenced, relevant content 2. Analysis , not merely description 3. Argument fully developed, cohesive and supported